In 2023, the European Union (EU) issued over 3.7 million residence permits to non-EU citizens, a 4.7% rise from 2022. This shows the EU’s increasing involvement in global migration.
Employment dominates permit issuance
A Eurostat report shows that employment was the main reason people got first residence permits in the EU, making up 33.8% of the total, or 1.3 million permits.
While this was slightly less than in 2022, it highlights the EU’s attractiveness for job opportunities.
Employment was especially important for people from Ukraine and Belarus, with 71.7% of Ukrainians and 52.3% of Belarusians getting permits for work.
Family and protection reasons drive increases
Family reasons were another major driver for residence permits, accounting for 26.4% of the total, up 6.4% from last year.
International protection reasons, at 25.6%, also grew by 5.3% in 2023, showing the EU’s ongoing role in offering refuge to people fleeing conflict.
Syrian and Afghan nationals received the most protection permits.
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Education permits surge
Education was the fastest-growing reason for residence permits in 2023, making up 14.3% of the total, with a 13.5% increase. This shows the EU’s appeal as a place for non-EU students to study.
Many Chinese nationals, in particular, came to the EU for education, with 37.8% of their permits issued for this purpose
The rise in education permits highlights the EU's focus on promoting academic exchange and talent development.
Changing migration landscape
For both short-term and long-term visitors, the migration landscape is changing. People looking for work or education opportunities in the EU may find easier access.
Meanwhile, tourists need to expect the launch of the European Travel Information and Authorization System (ETIAS) in 2025. This system will be required for non-EU citizens traveling to the EU for short stays, making border entry smoother and more secure.
However, with a small drop in employment permits, job seekers might face more competition as countries adjust immigration policies to match their labor needs.
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A push to strengthen border control
The growing number of residence permits is influencing the immigration policies of EU countries.
More permits for family and protection reasons highlight the need for stronger humanitarian support across member states.
Countries like Germany and Spain, which issue many permits, may update their policies to handle the rising number of migrants.
The ETIAS will also strengthen border controls in the Schengen Area, improving immigration management while still allowing lawful migration.
Migration milestone in the EU
The record number of residence permits issued in 2023 shows the EU’s growing role as a top destination for work, family reunification, and education.
With ETIAS starting and migration patterns changing, the EU will need to balance open borders with secure immigration policies. These changes bring opportunities for visitors and migrants to grow and integrate into the EU’s diverse community.